large 和 big 不能完全互换。a big problem(口语)/ a large number of problems(书面)。但 a big number of problems 听起来不自然——表数量时优先用 large / great。
8.3 "小"系列辨析
词
核心含义
例句
small
小(中性)
a small house
little
小(带情感,可爱/微不足道)
a little dog, little choice
tiny
微小(视觉强调)
a tiny insect
minor
次要的(重要性,非尺寸)
a minor issue, minor injury
slight
轻微的(程度)
a slight increase, slight difference
minimal
最低限度的
minimal effort, minimal damage
modest
不大的(谦虚的,得体的)
a modest income
8.4 "好"系列辨析
词
核心含义
典型搭配
good
好(最通用)
good food, good idea
great
很好(带情感强度)
great job, great experience
excellent
优秀(书面正式)
excellent service, excellent quality
outstanding
突出的(评价语境)
outstanding performance
superb
极好(带欣赏)
superb craftsmanship
terrific
极好(口语,强调)
that's terrific!
awesome
极赞(口语,年轻化)
awesome movie
brilliant
聪明出色(英式偏多)
brilliant idea
marvelous
了不起(偏老派书面)
marvelous achievement
perfect
完美(程度顶点)
a perfect day
8.5 "坏/差"系列辨析
词
核心含义
例句
bad
坏的(通用)
bad weather, bad news
poor
差的(质量/能力)
poor quality, poor performance
terrible
糟糕的(情感强烈)
terrible accident
awful
极差的(口语强烈)
awful taste
horrible
可怕的(带恐惧)
horrible nightmare
dreadful
可怕的(偏书面英式)
dreadful experience
severe
严重的(程度,正式)
severe weather, severe pain
harsh
苛刻的;严酷的
harsh climate, harsh criticism
cruel
残忍的(道德)
cruel punishment
disastrous
灾难性的
disastrous decision
8.6 "快"系列辨析
词
核心含义
例句
quick
快(短时间内)
a quick reply, a quick lunch
fast
快(高速度)
a fast car, run fast
rapid
迅速(变化/增长,正式)
rapid growth, rapid change
swift
敏捷迅速(书面优美)
swift action, swift response
speedy
快速的(口语带感情)
a speedy recovery
prompt
及时的(不延误)
prompt service, prompt reply
immediate
立即的
immediate effect
instant
瞬间的
instant message, instant noodles
细节
fast 和 quick 都是"快",但有微妙差别:fast 描述持续的高速(fast car 速度持续高),quick 描述动作短促(quick lunch 短时间结束)。所以你说 a fast learner ≠ a quick learner——后者更地道。
8.7 "慢"系列辨析
词
核心含义
例句
slow
慢(通用)
a slow process
gradual
逐渐的
a gradual change
sluggish
缓慢迟钝(带负面)
sluggish economy
leisurely
悠闲的
a leisurely walk
delayed
延误的
a delayed flight
8.8 "聪明/笨"系列
词
核心含义
例句
smart
聪明(口语,美式)
a smart kid
clever
机灵的(带技巧)
a clever idea
intelligent
聪慧(正式)
an intelligent species
brilliant
才华横溢(极赞)
a brilliant scientist
wise
明智的(带阅历)
a wise decision
sharp
敏锐的
a sharp mind
stupid
愚蠢的(粗鲁)
don't be stupid
silly
傻的(带可爱/幼稚)
a silly mistake
dumb
笨的(粗俗)
that's dumb
foolish
愚蠢的(书面,道德意味)
foolish behavior
8.9 "重要"系列辨析
词
核心含义
典型搭配
important
重要的(通用)
important meeting
significant
重大的(带影响/统计)
significant impact, statistically significant
crucial
关键的(决定性)
a crucial moment
vital
至关重要的(生死/根本)
vital signs, vital role
essential
必不可少的
essential nutrients
key
关键的(核心要素)
key factor, key player
critical
极重要的;批判的
critical issue
major
主要的
major change
primary
首要的
primary goal
8.10 "美/丑"系列
词
含义
例句
beautiful
美丽(通用最强)
a beautiful sunset
pretty
漂亮(轻度,口语)
a pretty girl
gorgeous
极美(强调)
gorgeous view
stunning
令人惊艳的
stunning performance
lovely
可爱的;美好的
a lovely day
attractive
有吸引力的
an attractive offer
handsome
英俊的(多用于男性)
a handsome man
elegant
优雅的
an elegant design
cute
可爱的
a cute baby
ugly
丑的
an ugly building
plain
朴素的(不出众)
a plain face
8.11 "高兴/伤心"系列
词
程度
例句
pleased
感到高兴(轻度)
I'm pleased to meet you.
happy
开心(通用)
I'm happy.
glad
高兴(带情境)
I'm glad you came.
delighted
非常高兴(书面)
I'm delighted.
thrilled
激动(强烈)
I'm thrilled.
ecstatic
狂喜的
She was ecstatic.
cheerful
欢快的(性格)
a cheerful person
content
满足的(平静)
I'm content.
sad
伤心(通用)
I'm sad.
unhappy
不开心
I'm unhappy.
depressed
抑郁的(带病理意味)
he's clinically depressed
miserable
痛苦的
I feel miserable.
heartbroken
心碎的
she's heartbroken
gloomy
忧郁的
a gloomy mood
8.12 程度副词五档
这是中国学习者最大的盲点:千篇一律用 very。其实英语副词分得很细:
程度
副词
例句
极强(80-100%)
extremely / incredibly / absolutely / utterly
extremely difficult
很强(70-90%)
very / really / highly / deeply
highly recommended
较强(50-70%)
quite / rather / pretty / fairly
quite difficult
较弱(20-40%)
somewhat / slightly / a bit / a little
slightly tired
最弱(<20%)
barely / hardly / scarcely
hardly any time
关键差异
quite 在英式英语中常表"相当"(quite good 相当好),在美式英语中常表"完全"(quite right 完全正确)。rather 一般是"相当",但加上一定语境会有"宁愿"含义(I'd rather stay)。pretty 在口语里是 quite 的同义词(pretty good = quite good)。
8.13 "绝对类"副词
有一类副词不允许用 very 修饰,因为它们已经是绝对状态:
形容词
错误
正确
perfect
very perfect
absolutely perfect
unique
very unique
truly unique
empty
very empty
completely empty
dead
very dead
just dead
wrong
very wrong
completely wrong
impossible
very impossible
absolutely impossible
essential
very essential
absolutely essential
8.14 频率副词光谱
100% always
90% usually / generally / normally / typically
80% often / frequently
50% sometimes / occasionally
20% rarely / seldom
10% hardly ever
0% never